All posts by Don Matteo

Howto Tutorials (EN)

Open Windows Terminal as an administrator

Home
Leave a comment

Windows Terminal Preview 1.15 is out with an updated settings UI design, a new “elevate” profile setting and a revamped text rendering engine,

Unlike the traditional console, Windows Terminal runs the various command lines in tabs, with each shell configured through its own profile.

In Windows Terminal, you can now configure the elevation of privileges for individual or all shells. However, some peculiarities await us.

The settings of a profile now include the option to start the shell in question with elevated privileges. By default, however, Windows Terminal opens all automatically set up profiles in the context of the currently logged in account.

Configure Terminal Profile as Administrator

To configure a shell for administrative requirements, you can use the function to duplicate existing profiles. To do this, open the settings and use the Add New Profile command.

In the following dialog, an existing profile can be selected to be copied, then click on Duplicate. The settings of this new profile open and you can change its name and activate the option Run this profile as administrator .

This new profile appears immediately after saving in the drop-down list and can be started directly here. As expected, the authentication dialog appears under an administrative account.

After successful login, the command line terminal does not open in a new tab, but in its own window. This is because the “elevated” terminal profile is started as a child process by Windows Terminal.

Howto Tutorials (EN)

How to use Sender Policy Framework on Debian Server

Home
Leave a comment

Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is a service deployed to avoid being identified as a spam sender.

postfix-policyd-spf is a fully functional engine for SPF verification under Postfix. The daemon includes a variety of mechanisms and policy options to meet a wide variety of system requirements. postfix-policyd-spf-perl was implemented on Perl, further available on Python there is postfix-policyd-spf-python, the Python SPF module (spf) is used. As a Postfix module, it supports RFC 7208 of the Sender Policy Framework (SPF).

Additional information is stored in the DNS (Domain Name System) in the form of an SPF record. This TXT-based SPF record contains specific information about authorized mail servers, Mail Transfer Agent (MTA).

How to install Postfix policyd-spf

The installation on Debian 10 and Debian 11 starts as root as follows:

$ apt install postfix-policyd-spf-python

If the Perl module is preferred, the Perl SPF-Milter can be installed as root as follows.

$ apt install postfix-policyd-spf-perl

After postfix-policyd-spf-python, or postfix-policyd-spf-perl is installed, we edit the configuration file of the postfix master process.

$ vi /etc/postfix/master.cf

To launch the Postfix statement with the Python SPF policy checker, add the following lines to the end of the master.cf file.

policyd-spf  unix  -       n       n       -       0       spawn
   user=policyd-spf argv=/usr/bin/policyd-spf

Use the SPF policy verification on the Perl implementation is as follows.

policyd-spf  unix  -       n       n       -       0       spawn
   user=policyd-spf argv=/usr/sbin/postfix-policyd-spf-perl

Save and close the file. Next, edit the Postfix main configuration file.

$ vi /etc/postfix/main.cf

Add the following lines to the end of the main.cf file. The first line specifies the timeout setting for the Postfix Policy Agent. The following lines restrict incoming emails by checking the SPF record and rejecting unauthorized emails.

policyd-spf_time_limit = 3600
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
   permit_mynetworks,
   permit_sasl_authenticated,
   reject_unauth_destination,
   check_policy_service unix:private/policyd-spf

Note! if check_policy_service is not the last line below the section smtpd_recipient_restrictions, then there must be a comma (,) at the end of the line. No comma on the last entry.

Save and close the file.

  Ensure that the user id policyd-spf exist by run id policyd-spf, if not exist, the system account is created as follows.

$ useradd -r -M policyd-spf -s /usr/sbin/nologin

Then restart the Postfix using systemctl. 

$ systemctl restart postfix

The next time receive an email by a domain with an SPF record in DNS, you can see the results of the SPF verification in the RAW email header. The following header indicates that the sender sent the email from an authorized host.

policyd-spf[733750]: prepend Received-SPF: Pass

The output appers when using Postfix Policy-SPF with Perl.

postfix/policy-spf[735983]: Policy action=PREPEND Received-SPF: pass

Verify Python and SPF

When using postfix-policyd-spf-python, Python must be available on the server, as well as the Python SPF module. The verification can be carried out as follows.

$ python3
Python 3.9.2 (default, Feb 28 2021, 17:03:44)
[GCC 10.2.1 20210110] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> help('modules')

If Python is installed on the system, the help('modules') command displays multiple modules in columns. The spf and spf_engine module is required. The Python module can be added as follows.

pip install pypolicyd-spf

Verify SPF Record

To verify the SPF TXT Record for a specific domain, run the lookup command out from linux terminal.

$ dig TXT mydomain.net +short
 "v=spf1 a mx ~all"

Using windows then run this command in the command prompt (cmd).

C:\> nslookup -type=TXT mydomain.net
 "v=spf1 a mx ~all"